What is an invasive species?

An invasive species is an animal or plant which is introduced into a new area where it does not occur naturally. If the introduction occurs without the accompaniment of its pests and diseases that keep the species in check (under control) in its natural range and if it is able to survive, establish and spread thus causing damage to biodiversity, peoples’ livelihoods or development, it is called “invasive”.

Definition of Mimosa Pigra

Mimosa Pigra, the giant sensitive plant, is a prickly leguminous shrub that can reach up to 4m in height. It originates from tropical South and Central America but has been in Africa for at least 200 years. It has long brown woody stems that branch from the base and which bear many sharp, curved thorns. The leaves are soft, green, finely-pinnate and fold inwards when touched (hence the name “sensitive plant”). The flowers are balls of stamens usually pink or mauve, sometimes almost yellow in colour. The fruits are clustered pods, with a furry brown coating of small plant hairs, which break up into small sections (with one seed in each) when they mature. This plant has gradually become invasive in wetlands, lake and river edges and floodplains across Africa – during the last 30 to 40 years and continues to spread and invade.

Impacts of Mimosa pigra 

• Mimosa pigra is known to cause extensive damage to local vegetation by displacing native vegetation while forming a single species thicket which can be impenetrable to people and most animals;
• Mimosa pigra can diminish grazing/pastoral lands especially floodplains and reduces habitat diversity for wild animals and plants;
• It can block waterways with impacts on transport and fisheries and can prevent peoples’ access to both aquatic and terrestrial habitats;
• Tourism is at times affected when this plant invades protected areas and wildlife can be excluded from their feeding grounds by Mimosa pigra invasions;
• Mimosa pigra can also affect water flow in natural streams and irrigation canals and is very difficult to remove in the long-term.

How does it spread?

• The seeds are readily spread be floating on water and being swept away by currents – in streams and floodplains;
• The seedpods adhere to clothing and coats of mammals (including cattle and small stock) and feathers of birds and can thus spread far and wide;
• The seeds and pods can also stick onto vehicle tyres facilitating their spread – by cars, farm vehicles and earth-moving machinery.

Why should we be concerned?

Mimosa pigra, despite being present in Africa for possibly two centuries, has only recently begun to spread and become invasive. This may possibly be due to the recent arrival of soil micro-organisms from its original area that allow it to grow faster. But, whatever the reason, it is becoming a problem in almost every country in Africa – through invasion and changing the vegetation and uses of wetlands, lakes and rivers in many places. It is thus a threat to the coasts, wetlands and inflowing waters of Lake Tanganyika in all four riparian countries – which is a concern for the Lake Tanganyika Management Authority and the four countries concerned (Burundi, DRC, Tanzania and Zambia).

How can it be controlled?

• Before thickets are established, isolated plants can be managed by mechanical removal through slashing, excavation of roots and burning. The method is very labour-intensive and may stimulate seed germination due to the removal of seed coats.
• Herbicides may be used with subsequent sowing of competitive plants to suppress regeneration from seed; aerial spraying may be needed when the height and density of Mimosa pigra hinders acces;
• Biological control is the most cost effective and long-term control strategy for Mimosa pigra and there is a range of biocontrol agents available which have been used in Asia and Australia.
• A more integrated plan combining mechanical, chemical and biological control may result in quicker and more effective management results to reduce an invasion and prevent its spread.

IUCN Global Invasive Species Initiative - IUCN ESARO Regional Office, Nairobi, Kenya.

For more information: contact: info@lta-alt.org or geoffrey.howard@iucn.org or esther.abonyo@iucn.org 

According to the same source, the main challenges identified in the SAP adopted by the Lake Tanganyika Authority Conference of Ministers in February, are such as an excessive fishing pressure in the pelagic area, an excessive fishing pressure in the littoral area and catches of ornamental fishes poorly controlled.

Management of fisheries and activities affecting the lake basin should be done under the regional planning frame including activities on the basin and the lake resources, as fisheries are now characterized by a free access. Interventions proposed for developing sustainable fisheries in this lake are such as reviewing and updating the national components of the Fisheries Management Frame Plan, developing and implementing fishing license process, improve the involvement of local communities in fisheries management, and promote sustainable fisheries alternative livelihoods.

According to Mr. Simbotwe Mwiya, Regional Coordinator of UNDP/GEF Project on Lake Tanganyika, “there is increasing pressure on Lake’s natural resources – thus need for the protection of Lake Tanganyika. In response to this need, the Lake Tanganyika Convention was signed by the four riparian states in 2003 and a Strategic Action Programme (SAP) was formulated to help in the establishment of a regional monitoring system in order to contribute to long-term sustainable management of Lake Tanganyika”.

Then, a guide to some invasive plants affecting Lake Tanganyika has been produced. “ This guide is a product  of the SAP through a project supported by UNDP/GEF, managed by UNOPS and implemented by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)”, indicated Mr Mwiya.

Dr Geoffrey Howard, one of authors of that guide, mentioned that the Invading species – especially invasive plants - can affect the environment in many ways – which are able to have short and long distance impacts on water quality and quantity relevant to the Lake Tanganyika. To Ms Esther Abonyo, co-author, indicated to the technical teams from Burundi and DR Congo that the initial introduction of these invasive plants may, in rare cases, be natural, but most often introduction is associated with people and can be intentional or unintentional (accidental). Most species introductions do not survive to the next stage of establishment.

 “This process and its steps from introduction to invasion may take weeks or months, sometimes years or even decades or centuries (as in the case of some trees). This is why we need to take note of new species that arrive and join the flora or fauna - and check if they have a reputation of invasion elsewhere” recognized Dr Howard.

In the absence of national agencies solely responsible for the prevention and management of biological invasions (sometimes called Biosecurity Departments), invasions become the responsibility of the land ( and water) managers, biodiversity managers and human livelihood and welfare organizations. This is the origin of the idea to develop a monitoring system for invasive alien species in and around Lake Tanganyika. 31 groups of species are described in the Guide to some invasive plants affecting Lake Tanganyika.

The MoU is extended to a period of  three (3) years and may be renewed to last for another mutually agreed term.  

According to Dr. Henry MWIMA, ED of LTA, the collaboration area includes exploring opportunities to share resources on collaborative projects, in matters relating to fisheries management and environmental conservation through cooperative efforts: Beach Management Unit Development; Research, Monitoring, and Assessment; Cross Sector Engagement and Development Objectives and Joint Fundraising.

To address the challenges to Natural Resource Management;

13. Riparian countries should initiate more research on invasive species to identify and harness the benefits that can be derived from the species,

14. Riparian countries should develop bilateral and multilateral institutional frameworks to prevent smuggling of mineral and other natural resources.

To promote Foreign Direct Investments in Regional Trade and Development;

15. Partner States should develop a harmonized investment regime and formulate a regional PPP framework to facilitate public and private sector collaboration.

16. Enhance capacity of private and public sector to develop bankable projects to meet banking requirements

17. Partner States should develop regional market information portals to enable the private sector to access trade and investments opportunities in the region.

To promote Women and Youth Development;

18. Governments should  introduce and implement enabling policy and legal frameworks to insure women and youth have access to productive resources and assets

19.    Finance institutions should partner with national development banks so as to provide low cost financial services to women and youth

20. Governments should put in place enabling environments for women and youth to form business organizations like savings and credit cooperatives to make them bankable

21. Governments, Private Sector and NGOs offering micro-credits should build the capacity of women and youth entrepreneurs to improve their business skills

To promote the Role of Development Partners and Media in Socio-economic Development;

22. The Tripartite Secretariats and Governments should collaborate with Development Partners in developing programmes that can address the infrastructure bottlenecks in the Lake Tanganyika region, for example developing a Lake Tanganyika Water and Sanitation Programme

23. The Riparian Countries should put in place regulatory and institutional frameworks to support research and improve synergy and exchange of information

24. The Tripartite should strengthen collaboration between Lake Tanganyika Authority and Inter University Council for East Africa in order to promote research along the Basin

In this remote region, access to education, health services and viable markets is lacking and most families must survive on less than $150 each year. The majority of people derive their livelihoods from nature as small-scale farmers and fishers. In fact, a recent survey conducted by Nature Conservancy social scientists concluded that 95% of GME households earn income from farming. Therefore, healthy and productive ecosystems are critical to sustaining people’s health and livelihoods in this area.

At 4.8%, population growth rates in the GME are some of Tanzania’s highest. Rapidly growing village populations are left with little choice but to expand their settlements and farms into the wild lands and clear forest and woodland for agriculture, fuel and timber. Steep hillsides are haphazardly farmed and the run-off, heavy with sediment, fills coastal zones and pushes near-shore fishery production—the source of 40% of the protein for local families—into decline. The area’s deforestation rate (currently at 11%) only stands to increase as the human population grows. Without protection, this valuable ecosystem, and the people who rely on its resources, will remain quite vulnerable.

Source : The Nature Conservancy